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排球的技战术
When volleyball started out； there was a pretty basic plan to win the game。 Get the ball over the net to the other side in three hits or less。 It did not take long before the basic strategy of 〃set； spike〃 came about。 It was natural to develop a strategy that allowed for the smooth progression of the set； spike。 This is now referred to as the 〃4…2〃。 The 4…2 offense was one of the first strategic offenses used in volleyball。 Each team has 4 hitters and 2 setters。 The setters play opposite each other； so that one is always in the front row and one is always in the back row。 When in the front row； the setter sets； when in the back row； the setter passes。 Therefore； there is always a setter and 2 hitters in the front row。 In an effort to have the most hitters or blockers on the front row at the same time； the 〃6…2〃 system was developed。 The key feature of the 6…2 offense is that there are two setters on the court at a time opposite each other in the rotation and the primary setter is the one in the back row。 This means that the three front row players； including the setter in the front row； are all hitters or blockers。
为赢得比赛，在开局前都要做一个较为周密的布局安排。在把球击打至对方场地之前，只能击球三次以下。最基本的二传和扣球策略可在短时间内做出。找到一种使二传和扣球之间保持流畅的战略自然地提到日程上来。这种战略目前指的是四二配备。四二配备是最先应用到排球进攻中的战略。每队有四名击球员和两名二传手，二传手站成对角，这样前排和后排总是各有一个二传手；二传手站在前排时进行二传，站在后排时进行一传。因此，在前排总有一名二传手和两名击球员。为了使大多数击球员或拦网球员，能同时出现在前排，六二配备出现了。六二配备的主要特点是：场上同时有两名二传手，他们在轮转中站对角，主力二传手站在后排。也就是说，前排的三名队员，包括前排的二传手，都是击球员和拦网球员。
In a 6…2 system； how do you get into position？ When your team is serving； you can switch immediately； as soon as the server strikes the ball。 When the other team is serving； you must first receive the serve； then attack； then switch。 The back row setter plays defense first； if the other team attacks； the back row setter might need to dig。 There is also a 6…3 variant where there are 3 setters on the court at a time。 In this case the setter who is in the right back （serving） or middle back position is usually the primary setter。 When two setters are in the back row the left back one is just a regular defender。 The setters in the front row are hitters and blockers。 Situations similar to the 6…3 may arise when rotating in additional players from the side。 The exact formations may vary slightly in this case but the basic principles remain the same。 The 5…1 is perhaps the most complicated volleyball formation in volleyball to run。 However； used correctly it can be a very effective formation which can cause confusion for opponents。 The line…up is basic： one setter and five hitters。 Unlike the 6…2； where there are two setters who alternate between setting and hitting； in the 5…1； the single setter must be fast； accurate and in good shape。 Also； because of the unique role of being a front row setter； it helps if the setter can jump over the net for blocking and dinking。 A setter； attacking or dumping the ball on the second hit will ruin even the best defense's day。
在六二配备中队员应该如何就位呢？当本队发球时，在发球者击球的同时迅速转换位置。在对方发球时，你必须首先接发球，然后进攻，之后换位。后排二传手首先要防御。如果另一个队进攻，后排二传手可能需要救球。还有一种是六三配备的变体，在场上同时有三名二传手。这时，位于右后场发球的二传手或者中后场的二传手通常为主力二传手。当后排有两名二传手时，左后方的一位只是一名普通的防守队员；前排的二传手是击球员和拦网队员。当本方的额外队员参加轮转时，类似六三配备的阵容可能会形成。编队可能会以此为基础有一定的变化，但基本原理不变。在排球比赛的跑动中，五一配备也许是最复杂的一种编队了。然而，正确的应用会使它成为一种最为有效的编队，可以引发对手的混乱。队形的基础是：一名二传手，五名击球员。与6…2配备中两名二传手轮流进行二传和击球不同，5…1配备中的这名唯一的二传手必须动作迅速而准确，而且要随时保持最佳状态。由于这名前排二传手任务的独特，如果他能够跳起拦网和吊球，将对球队大有帮助。在第二次触球时，这名二传手的进攻或者二次进攻足以打破最佳的防守阵容。
A vital part of volleyball offense is the spike； a powerful smash over the net。 To spike the ball a player must jump high in the air； using good timing in hitting the ball powerfully and placing it so that it is very difficult to return。 Back…row players may spike if their takeoff is from behind the 3…meter attack line。 A ball well placed； at varying heights and near the net for a teammate to spike it； is called a set。 A tip； or placement； is a lightly hit ball deflected or dropped into the court of the opponents and is used by a spiker to surprise opposing blockers when they anticipate a spike。 Single or multiple blocks are usually employed in volleyball。 In such a defense； one or more front…row players jump up on their side of the net； with hands and arms placed in front of an attacking spiker； to hit back the spiked ball or deflect it to a teammate who can then return it across the net。 In the indoor game； a block； while counting as a touch to regain possession for a team； does not count as one of the three hits a team is allowed on each possession。 A number of skills contribute to successful team play。 One of these is an accurate service； to a weak spot on the opposing side； delivered either with topspin and speed or as a deceptive floater—that is； a ball that seems to wobble and slip uncertainly in the air。 Control is also important in receiving the service； and in recovering a spike and deflecting the ball accurately to fellow team members。
排球进攻中的一个重要环节是扣球，即网上的大力击球。扣球时，运动员须高高地跳起，选择合适的时机大力击球，使对方难以将球救起。后排队员也可以扣球，条件是需在三米线后起跳。把球传到近网处的不同高度，以便队友扣球，称为二传。当对方的拦网队员以为我方可能扣球时，我方的扣球者可以把球转向轻轻地吊入对方场地，以取得奇袭的效果。单人或者多人拦网是排球中常用的技术，在这种防守方式中，一个或者多个前排队员在本方网前跳起，把手臂伸向对方击球者身前以图把球拦回或者使球改变方向，便于本方队友将球击回。在室内比赛中，当拦网使一个队重新得以控球时，不计入本队拥有的三次触球之内。在团体运动中需综合运用多种技能，其中之一就是准确的发球，使球落在对方场内防守最弱的位置。可以发快速的上旋球或者有欺骗性的飘球。飘球是指球在空中摇摆、滑动、方向不定。控制力也是很重要的，无论在接发球、接扣球或者将球准确地传给队友时都是如此。
More about Volleyball
System of volleyball排球的阵容配备：
Five…One （5…1） System 五一配备：
An offensive system that uses five spikers and one setter。
Four…Two （4…2） System 四二配备：
An offensive system using four spikers and two setters。 The setters are spikers when they are in the front row； and setters when they are in the back row。
Six…Two （6…2） System 六二配备：
An offense with four spikers and two spiker/setters。 The setters are setters when they are in the front row； and defenders when they are in the back row。
Spike （hit； smash； kill） 扣球：
l As you leave the floor to jump； pull the hitting arm back with the elbow and hand at shoulder height or higher。
l The hand should be open and relaxed； with the palm facing away from the ear。
l The elbow should swing forward and raise above the head。
l Then the arm and hand swing over the top as the hand contacts the ball。
l This is followed by the palm and fingers； which then snap through the ball。
l Contact point is slightly in front of and as high as possible above the hitting shoulder。
正面上手扣球tennis smash
超手扣球super…hand spike； surpass the block hit； spike over the block
高点扣球high spike
重扣hard spike； powerhouse smash
轻扣half…speed spike； slow spike； pat hit； dink spike
假扣球feint spike
斜线扣球oblique spike； cross spike； crosscourt spike
小斜线扣球inner spike
直线扣球straight spike； line shot
远网扣球distance attack； far…net…to