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Chapter 53…History of Baseball & Softball…棒球和垒球的历史
Baseball； 棒球运动的历史悠久，在人类文明的早期，就有以棒击球的游戏。现代棒球运动起源于美国，世界上第一次棒球比赛是1839年在美国纽约州举行的，1845Softball； 垒球运动是由棒球运动演变而来，其比赛方法、运动员职责等与棒球基本相同，只是球场、球、棒和投手投球技术等方面略有不同。
年由亚历山大•；卡特赖特（Alexander Cartwright）制定了第一部竞赛规则，规定了至今仍沿用的场地形状和尺寸。卡特赖特也因此被后人称为“棒球之父”。此后棒球日益发展为世界性的体育项目之一。
Baseball is a game played with a hard ball and a bat between two teams of nine players each。 Baseball has become the national pastime of the United States； vying in popularity with basketball and American football。 It is played throughout the world by people of all ages。 Baseball is one of the oldest and most popular spectator sports。 The game as it is known today developed during the early 1800s among children and amateur players。 Today； professional baseball attracts millions of spectators to ballparks each year and entertains millions more through radio and television broadcasts。 Although it is clear that modern baseball developed in North America； the exact origin of the game is difficult to determine。 Most scholars believe that baseball evolved from a variety of similar games that have been played for centuries。 A popular legend claims that Abner Doubleday； a Union officer during the American Civil War； invented baseball in Cooperstown； New York； in 1839。 But there is little support for this story。 There is evidence that people played games involving a stick and a ball from the early days of civilization。 Ancient cultures in Persia； Egypt； and Greece played stick…and…ball games for recreation and as part of certain ceremonies。 Games of this type had spread throughout Europe by the Middle Ages （5th century to 15th century） and became popular in a variety of forms。 Europeans brought stick…and…ball games to the American colonies as early as the 1600s。 Until the late 1700s； however； they were widely considered to be children's games。 By the early 1800s； a variety of stick…and…ball games had become popular in North America。 Most of these games originated in England。 Many people in northeastern cities such as Boston； New York； and Philadelphia played cricket； a traditional game of English aristocrats。 But an English game called Rounders； which was eventually played in rural and urban communities throughout North America； most closely resembled modern baseball。
棒球是各有9名队员的两队，使用球棒和球，进行比赛的运动。棒球作为美国的“国球”，同篮球和橄榄球一样，在美国极为盛行。在世界其它地方，棒球也深受不同年龄人们的喜爱。它是世界上最古老也最吸引人的运动。我们今天所知道的棒球运动，是从19世纪初的一种儿童和民间游戏发展演变而来的。今天，职业棒球比赛吸引了成千上万的观众，也为亿万关心它的广播和电视观众带来了无穷的乐趣。众所周知，现代棒球运动起源于北美，但是它的确切渊源却很难断定。大多数学者认为，棒球是从多种古老而又相近的运动发展、演变而来的。还有一种颇具传奇色彩的说法认为：棒球是由美国内战时期的陆军军官阿布纳·道布尔戴，于1839年在纽约库珀斯敦发明的。但是，这种说法的争议很大。据考证，在人类文明的早期，就有以棒击球的游戏。古代人类文明的摇篮波斯、埃及和希腊，以棒击球的运动既是消遣活动，也是庆典仪式的项目。到了中世纪，这种游戏以不同的形式流传于欧洲。17世纪初，欧洲人把这种以棒击球的游戏带到他们在美洲的殖民地。到了18世纪末，以棒击球还只是孩子们的游戏。19世纪初期，几种以棒击球的游戏在北美开展。这些游戏大多源自英国。许多在东北部城市的人玩板球，例如波士顿、纽约和费城等地，板球是一种盛行于英国贵族的传统游戏。而在乡村和郊区，一种叫圆场棒球的英国游戏却深受人们的喜爱，这是与现代棒球最为接近的运动。
By the 1820s and 1830s baseball had become a common form of recreation； played according to local customs throughout Northeastern America。 Early forms of baseball were played in cities such as New York； Boston； Philadelphia； and Rochester as well as in many rural towns and villages。 People in some communities formed clubs especially to play the game。 But elements of Rounders； such as plugging the runner； remained common； and baseball lacked official rules or formal organization。 The most important early organized baseball club was formed in 1845 by a group of young men in New York City。 This group； led by Alexander Cartwright and later by Dr。 Daniel L。 Adams； called their club the Knickerbocker Base Ball Club。 The Knickerbockers developed a set of 20 rules—14 governing play and 6 relating to administration—that became the foundation of modern baseball。 These rules； first published in 1845； defined the playing field with a home plate and three additional bases set apart at specific distances。 They also abolished plugging and replaced it with the practice of tagging runners or forcing them out at a base。 On June 19； 1846； the Knickerbockers played in what is widely considered the first modern baseball game。 They met another organized baseball team called the New York Club in what is now Hoboken； in New Jersey； and played a complete game according to the Knickerbocker rules。 The Knickerbockers lost； 23…1。 The Knickerbocker’s style of play spread rapidly during the 1850s； when baseball clubs formed throughout New York City and adopted the new rules。 By the late 1850s the game's popularity had spread beyond the city； and it became known as the New York Game。 By the mid…1850s crowds of several thousand were not uncommon at baseball games in the New York City area。 The New York Game spread more rapidly during the Civil War as Union soldiers introduced the game in places where they traveled。 By the end of the war in 1865； the game had become the most popular variety of baseball throughout the country。 Soon after； the name New York Game disappeared—it became simply Baseball。
1820年到1830年间，棒球已经成为美国东北部地区的大众休闲运动，比赛形式有着极强的地区特色。纽约、波士顿、费城和罗切斯特等城市，以及一些乡村小镇上开始举行早期的棒球比赛。有些社区还成立了棒球俱乐部。但是圆场棒球的一些要素，如用球掷打跑垒员等，仍被保留了下来。但那时的棒球还没有完善的规则和正规的组织。1845年，纽约的一群年轻人成立了棒球俱乐部，为后来棒球运动的发展奠定了基础。这个俱乐部以亚历山大·卡特赖特和后来的亚当斯为首，把他们的俱乐部命名为纽约人棒球俱乐部。他们制订了一套20条的棒球比赛规则—其中14条指导比赛，6条涉及棒球管理，这一举措，在棒球史上具有重要的意义。1845年制定的这些规则，规定了有本垒的场地和3个距离不等的垒位。此外，还规定禁止用球直接掷打跑垒员使之出局的触杀方法，而代之以持球触击出局。1846年6月19日，在新泽西洲的霍博肯，首次按新的统一规则举行棒球比赛，由“纽约人队”对“纽约九人队”。尽管纽约人队以1比23输给了纽约九人队，但他们的比赛规则却由此推广开来。到19世纪50年代，纽约成立了一大批棒球俱乐部，这一规则也被普遍采纳。19世纪50年代中期，纽约附近举行的棒球比赛，几千名观众来观看并不少见。这种纽约游戏，在美国内战期间，被士兵们传播到美国各地。到了战争结束的1865年，纽约游戏已经成为各种棒球形式中流传最广的运动。逐渐，棒球取代了纽约游戏这一名称。
More about Baseball
The International Baseball Federation （IBAF）国际棒球联合会：＇1＇
Founded in 1938； the IBAF is the International BAseball Federation recognized by the International Olympic Committee。 Established in Lausanne； the Olympic Capital； since 1994 and counting 112 National Federation members； the IBAF organizes the Baseball World Cup； World Championships in their different categories； the Intercontinental Cup and the Baseball Olympic Tournament； securing the development and expansion of this sport all over the world。
Olympic History of Baseball棒球在奥运会上的历史：
American baseball was contested in the Olympics as a demonstration sport in 1912； 1936； 1956； 1964； 1984 and 1988。 Finnish baseball （pesä；pallo） was a demonstration sport during the 1952 Helsinki Games。 American baseball became a full medal sport in Barcelona in 1992； while the similar sport of softball was added to the Olympic programme in 1996。 The United States no longer dominates this sport in international play； as the Cubans and several Central American countries produce excellent teams。
Baseball’s Competition in the Olympic Games奥运会上棒球的赛制：
Teams qualify through regional series that produce two teams each from the Americas； Europe