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Person （1961）。
TIMELINE
Yea Event
r
1900 Freud published what many believe was his greatest work； The Interpretation of
Dreams。
1913 Carl Jung broke ranks with Freud and soon became a major figure in the
development of an alternative psychoanalytic theory； analytic psychology。
19141918
World War I was fought。
1920 Alfred Adler published the Practice and Theory of Individual Psychology； outlining
his views on the social ramifications of psychoanalysis。
1921 Hermann Rorschach developed his famous projective test； posed of a series of
symmetrical inkblots。
1929 The Great Depression began in America。
1937 Gordon Allport published Personality： A Psychological Interpretation； outlining his
trait theory of personality。
1937 Karen Horney published The Neurotic Personality of Our Time； describing her
theory of personality。
1938 Henry Murray published Explorations in Personality and developed a projective
test called the Thematic Apperception Test （TAT）； a series of black…and…white
drawings of a person or persons in ambiguous situations。
19391945
World War II was fought。
1940s Carl Rogers developed his ideas on the humanistic view of personality
development。
1943 Starke Hathaway and J。 C。 McKinley published the first edition of the MMPI；
which soon became the most widely used personality test ever。
1950 Raymond Cattell developed the 16 PF； which later became a widely used
personality inventory。
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CHAPTER 14： UNDERSTANDING HUMAN PERSONALITY
1951 Carl Rogers published Client…Centered Therapy； explaining how his ideas could be
applied to therapy。
1954 Abraham Maslow published Motivation and Personality； explaining the
relationship of his hierarchy of needs to both motivation and personality
development。
1957 Sputnik； the first satellite； was launched。
1963 Albert Bandura； with R。 H。 Walters； published Social Learning Personality and
Development； explaining the influences of social learning on personality growth。
1973 Walter Mischel challenged the basic idea that personality traits have cross…
situational consistency； and proposed a cognitive…social learning theory of
personality。
1980 Ronald Reagan was elected President。
1986 Albert Bandura published Social Foundations of Thought and Action： A Social
Cognitive Theory； presenting his influential self…efficacy theory。
1989 The University of Minnesota published the second edition of the MMPI； which
was standardized on a larger； more heterogeneous group of people than the first
edition。
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READINGS
Bandura； A。 （1986）。 Social Foundations of Thought and Action： A Social Cognitive Theory。 Englewood
Cliffs； NJ： Prentice…Hall。 The leading proponent for understanding personality from a social…
cognitive orientation presents his influential self…efficacy theory。
Cantor； N。 & Harlow； R。 E。 （1994）。 Personality； Strategic Behavior； and Daily…Life Problem Solving。
Current Directions in Psychological Science； 3 （6）； 169–172。 A look at the problem…solving efforts
used by individuals as they work toward solving the “life tasks” in their daily lives。
Carlson； J。 F。 （1989）。 Psychosexual Pursuit。 Enhancing Learning of Theoretical Psychoanalytic Constructs。
Teaching of Psychology； 16； 82–84。 Carlson developed a game that can acmodate as many as
50 players。 This article reproduces a game board on which players must move through the
stages of psychosexual development and eventually bee adults。 Play money represents
psychic energy； the goal is to retain as much psychic energy as possible for adult life tasks。
Defense mechanisms and fixation are incorporated into the game rules。
Carver； C。 S。； & Scheier； M。 F。 （1992）。 Perspectives on Personality； 2nd Ed。 Boston： Allyn & Bacon。
Presents very readable and current coverage of personality psychology by two of the better…
known researchers in the area； includes much of their own research。
Costa； P。； & McCrae； R。 （1998）。 Trait Theories of Personality。 New York： Plenum Press。 The fathers of
the Big Five personality theory make an argument for their system of personality。
Evans； R。 （1981）。 Dialogue with C。 G。 Jung。 New York： Praeger Special Studies/Praeger Scientific。 Dr。
Richard Evans conducts a one…on…one interview with Carl Jung； exploring Jung’s relationship
with Freud； and his reactions to various psychological issues and concepts。
Ewen； R。 （1998）。 An Introduction to Theories of Personality （5th Ed。）。 Mahwah： Lawrence Erlbaum
Associates。 An excellent introduction to the field of personality。 Presents the theories of eleven
major figures in personality psychology。
Eysenck； H。 （1998）。 Dimensions of Personality。 New Brunswick； Transaction Publishers。 The
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PSYCHOLOGY AND LIFE
accumulation of Eysenck’s 50 years of research on personality。 Intended for students of
psychology； psychiatry and sociology。
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CHAPTER 14： UNDERSTANDING HUMAN PERSONALITY
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PSYCHOLOGY AND LIFE
Freud； S。 （1961）。 The Ego and the Id。 New York： Norton。 Original work published in 1923。 Translated
by James Strachey。
Freud； S。 （1963）。 An Outline of Psychoanalysis。 New York： W。 W。 Norton。 Original work published
1940。 Translated by James Strachey。
Gay； P。 （1988）。 Freud： A Life for Our Time。 New York： W。W。 Norton。 The definitive biography on
Freud。 Provides rich details about his life； and presents his ideas in easily accessible form。
Hall； C。； & Lindzey； G。 （1978）。 Theories of Personality； （3rd Ed。）。 New York： John Wiley & Sons。 A
classic text on personality theory。
Hogan； R。 （1986）。 What Every Student Should Know About Personality。 In V。 P。 Makosky （Ed。）； The G。
Stanley Hall Lectures Vol。 6。 Washington； D。C。： American Psychological Association。 A brief；
entertaining summary of some of the most important research and theoretical issues in
personality psychology。 As with Hall’s other works； this is worth the read。
Holzman； P。 S。 （1994）。 Retrospective Feature Review： Hilgard on Psychoanalysis as Science。 Psychological
Science； 5； （4）； 190–191。 An interesting look at Hilgard’s perspective on Psychoanalysis； in
which he criticizes Freud for failing to appropriately “define the field of inquiry。”
Jung； C。 （1990）。 The Basic Writings of C。 G。 Jung。 Princeton； Princeton University Press。 Translated by
Richard Carrington。 Presents Jung’s most important writings on the nature of human
personality。
Rogers； C。 （1961）。 On Being a Person： A Therapist’s View of Psychotherapy。 An older work； but
certainly worth the time。 It provides the foundation for understanding Rogers’ client…centered
therapy。
DISCOVERING PSYCHOLOGY
PROGRAM 15： THE SELF
Overview
How psychologists systematically study the origins of self…identity and self…esteem； social
determinants of self…conceptions； and the emotional and motivational consequences of beliefs
about oneself
Key Issues
The process of individualization in children； Freud’s Ego； Id； and Superego； the theory of self…
efficacy； the relationship between nonverbal munication and status； the effects of self…
presentation on the reaction of others； and the effects of reward and petition on creativity。
Demonstrations
Status differences in nonverbal behavior on munication。
New Interviews
Hazel Markus looks at the relationship between the self and culture and examines the mutual
constitution of the two。
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CHAPTER 14： UNDERSTANDING HUMAN PERSONALITY
FILMS AND VIDEOS
First Feelings （1992）。 RMI Media Productions； 30 minutes
From the Coast Telecourse； this program addresses the question of how much of an infant’s
personality can be attributed to the relationship with caregivers and how much can be explained by
the baby’s inborn temperament。
Freud： The Hidden Nature of Man （1970）。 IU（LCA）； 29 minutes
Analyzes Freud’s revolutionary theories of the power of the unconscious； the Oedipus plex；
dream analysis； and the ego； superego； and id。 Points out the impact of his ideas on man’s attitude
toward himself； particularly Victorian man’s approach to sexuality。 Uses the technique of dramatic
reenactment of his id