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we鈥檙e still talking millions of years。鈥�
incidentally； reginald sprigg did eventually get a measure of overdue credit。 one of themain early genera； spriggina； was named in his honor； as were several species； and the wholebecame known as the ediacaran fauna after the hills through which he had searched。 by thistime； however； sprigg鈥檚 fossil…hunting days were long over。 after leaving geology he foundeda successful oil pany and eventually retired to an estate in his beloved flinders range；where he created a wildlife reserve。 he died in 1994 a rich man。
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22 GOOD…BYE TO ALL THAT
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when you consider it from a human perspective； and clearly it would be difficult forus to do otherwise； life is an odd thing。 it couldn鈥檛 wait to get going； but then； having gottengoing； it seemed in very little hurry to move on。
consider the lichen。 lichens are just about the hardiest visible organisms on earth； butamong the least ambitious。 they will grow happily enough in a sunny churchyard； but theyparticularly thrive in environments where no other organism would go鈥攐n blowymountaintops and arctic wastes； wherever there is little but rock and rain and cold； and almostno petition。 in areas of antarctica where virtually nothing else will grow； you can findvast expanses of lichen鈥攆our hundred types of them鈥攁dhering devotedly to every wind…whipped rock。
for a long time； people couldn鈥檛 understand how they did it。 because lichens grew on barerock without evident nourishment or the production of seeds； many people鈥攅ducatedpeople鈥攂elieved they were stones caught in the process of being plants。 鈥渟pontaneously；inorganic stone bees living plant！鈥潯ejoiced one observer； a dr。 homschuch； in 1819。
closer inspection showed that lichens were more interesting than magical。 they are in facta partnership between fungi and algae。 the fungi excrete acids that dissolve the surface of therock； freeing minerals that the algae convert into food sufficient to sustain both。 it is not avery exciting arrangement； but it is a conspicuously successful one。 the world has more thantwenty thousand species of lichens。
like most things that thrive in harsh environments； lichens are slow…growing。 it may take alichen more than half a century to attain the dimensions of a shirt button。 those the size ofdinner plates； writes david attenborough； are therefore 鈥渓ikely to be hundreds if notthousands of years old。鈥潯t would be hard to imagine a less fulfilling existence。 鈥渢hey simplyexist；鈥潯ttenborough adds； 鈥渢estifying to the moving fact that life even at its simplest leveloccurs； apparently； just for its own sake。鈥�
it is easy to overlook this thought that life just is。 as humans we are inclined to feel that lifemust have a point。 we have plans and aspirations and desires。 we want to take constantadvantage of all the intoxicating existence we鈥檝e been endowed with。 but what鈥檚 life to alichen？ yet its impulse to exist； to be； is every bit as strong as ours鈥攁rguably even stronger。
if i were told that i had to spend decades being a furry growth on a rock in the woods； ibelieve i would lose the will to go on。 lichens don鈥檛。 like virtually all living things； they willsuffer any hardship； endure any insult； for a moment鈥檚 additional existence。 life； in short； justwants to be。 but鈥攁nd here鈥檚 an interesting point鈥攆or the most part it doesn鈥檛 want to bemuch。
this is perhaps a little odd because life has had plenty of time to develop ambitions。 if youimagine the 4；500…billion…odd years of earth鈥檚 history pressed into a normal earthly day；then life begins very early； about 4a。m。； with the rise of the first simple； single…celled organisms； but then advances no further for the next sixteen hours。 not until almost 8：30 inthe evening； with the day five…sixths over； has earth anything to show the universe but arestless skin of microbes。 then； finally； the first sea plants appear； followed twenty minuteslater by the first jellyfish and the enigmatic ediacaran fauna first seen by reginald sprigg inaustralia。 at 9：04p。m。 trilobites swim onto the scene； followed more or less immediately bythe shapely creatures of the burgess shale。 just before 10p。m。 plants begin to pop up on theland。 soon after； with less than two hours left in the day； the first land creatures follow。
thanks to ten minutes or so of balmy weather； by 10：24 the earth is covered in the greatcarboniferous forests whose residues give us all our coal； and the first winged insects areevident。 dinosaurs plod onto the scene just before 11p。m。 and hold sway for about three…quarters of an hour。 at twenty…one minutes to midnight they vanish and the age of mammalsbegins。 humans emerge one minute and seventeen seconds before midnight。 the whole of ourrecorded history； on this scale； would be no more than a few seconds； a single human lifetimebarely an instant。 throughout this greatly speeded…up day continents slide about and bangtogether at a clip that seems positively reckless。 mountains rise and melt away； ocean basinse and go； ice sheets advance and withdraw。 and throughout the whole； about three timesevery minute； somewhere on the planet there is a flashbulb pop of light marking the impact ofa manson…sized meteor or one even larger。 it鈥檚 a wonder that anything at all can survive insuch a pummeled and unsettled environment。 in fact； not many things do for long。
perhaps an even more effective way of grasping our extreme recentness as a part of this4。5…billion…year…old picture is to stretch your arms to their fullest extent and imagine thatwidth as the entire history of the earth。 on this scale； according to john mcphee in basin andrange； the distance from the fingertips of one hand to the wrist of the other is precambrian。
all of plex life is in one hand； 鈥渁nd in a single stroke with a medium…grained nail file youcould eradicate human history。鈥�
fortunately； that moment hasn鈥檛 happened； but the chances are good that it will。 i don鈥檛wish to interject a note of gloom just at this point； but the fact is that there is one otherextremely pertinent quality about life on earth： it goes extinct。 quite regularly。 for all thetrouble they take to assemble and preserve themselves； species crumple and die remarkablyroutinely。 and the more plex they get； the more quickly they appear to go extinct。 whichis perhaps one reason why so much of life isn鈥檛 terribly ambitious。
so anytime life does something bold it is quite an event； and few occasions were moreeventful than when life moved on to the next stage in our narrative and came out of the sea。
land was a formidable environment： hot； dry； bathed in intense ultraviolet radiation；lacking the buoyancy that makes movement in water paratively effortless。 to live onland； creatures had to undergo wholesale revisions of their anatomies。 hold a fish at each endand it sags in the middle； its backbone too weak to support it。 to survive out of water； marinecreatures needed to e up with new load…bearing internal architecture鈥攏ot the sort ofadjustment that happens overnight。 above all and most obviously； any land creature wouldhave to develop a way to take its oxygen directly from the air rather than filter it from water。
these were not trivial challenges to overe。 on the other hand； there was a powerfulincentive to leave the water： it was getting dangerous down there。 the slow fusion of thecontinents into a single landmass； pangaea； meant there was much； much less coastline thanformerly and thus much less coastal habitat。 so petition was fierce。 there was also an omnivorous and unsettling new type of predator on the scene； one so perfectly designed forattack that it has scarcely changed in all the long eons since its emergence： the shark。 neverwould there be a more propitious time to find an alternative environment to water。
plants began the process of land colonization about 450 million years ago； acpanied ofnecessity by tiny mites and other organisms that they needed to break down and recycle deadorganic matter on their behalf。 larger animals took a little longer to emerge； but by about 400million years ago they were venturing out of the water； t