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B： No； he （do not）。 Smoking has never （try） by him。
9。 Was the book （write） by him？
10。 I （buy） three books lately。 One （write） by Graham Greene。
I （finish） reading it。 There （be） many interesting stories in it。
【练习三十七】
改错：
1。 ＊This is a book which wrote by Dickens。
2。 ＊Are the music enjoyed by those elderly people？
3。 ＊When are you visited by your father yesterday？
4。 ＊This book written by John。
5。 ＊He is invited to e to my home by my father yesterday。
6。 ＊This house is built in 1913。
7。 ＊This letter was wrote by him。
8。 ＊This letter has never finished。
9。 ＊Was you given a book？
10。 ＊I have never called by my father。 I always call him first。
第九章 动词如何转换成名词
动名词（Gerund）和不定式（Infinitive）
9§1 问题的来源
对我们说中文的人而言，一个字究竟是动词，还是名词，其实是很少人知道的，对一般人而言，〝唱歌〞是动词，但是如果我们说，〝唱歌是有益的〞，我们又发现〝唱歌〞其实也是名词。〝我爱唱歌〞，这句话中，〝唱歌〞也是名词。
英文就不同了，英文里很少有一个字，又是动词，又是名词的，sing是动词，绝不能当很名词用。怪不得有很多中国人会说
＊Sing is good for you。 或者是 ＊I like sing。
既然sing是动词，也没有一个〝sing〞的名词，怎么办呢？英文解套的办法很有趣，他们用动名词（gerund）和不定式（infinitive）来将一个动词改成一个名词。
9§2 动名词（Gerund）
所谓动名词，乃是将一个动词，字尾加上ing，一夜之间，这个动词就可以当作名词用了。请看以下的例子：
I like singing。
Playing basketball is good for you。
Do you enjoy listening to classical music？
Is traveling around the world meaningful to you？
Studying English is not difficult。
我们不妨将动名词的用法分一下类：
1。动名词可用作主语，如
Playing tennis is enjoyed by many people。
Taking drugs is avoided by most people。
Being kind to others is important for every one。
Respecting your parents shows good character。
2。动名词可以用作动词的宾语，如
I enjoy studying English。
He does not mind walking long distances。
I have never enjoyed being alone in my life。
He loves swimming。
3。动名词可以用作介词（preposition）的宾语，英文里有很多介词，at； in； about； of； on等等都是介词，介词后面必定跟一个名词，也是它的宾语，举例来说
on the table
in my home
about Hitler
of my life
on this island
各位一定注意到，每一个介词后面都有一个名词，作为它的宾语。
动名词是可以作为介词的宾语的，如：
This book is about traveling。
He is responsible for cleaning the kitchen。
My brother is capable of writing programs。
You just keep on going straight。
在下面，我们要给各位更多有关gerund的例子，各位不妨看看每一个句子中，那个动名词是作什么用的。
Instead of swimming； he walks every morning。
He likes walking in the woods。
Are you interested in playing tennis？
Loving is to be kind to others。
Reading is important to students。
In addition to traveling； he also likes reading novels。
You will be happy by helping others。
He is worried about being late。
I finished writing the report yesterday。
They thanked me for lending them money。
He has never finished writing the novel。
She is in change of teaching English in our school。
My father objected to my going to the summer camp。
Please stop joking about my brother。
I look forward to seeing you。
He has never enjoyed traveling。
She was excited about going abroad。
I consider gambling a bad thing to do。
I have never dreamed of flying an airplane。
He suggested talking to our teacher。
I believe in doing some kind of exercise every day。
Playing the piano is no fun at all。
Nancy is accustomed to sleeping late。
Are you tired of driving for so long？
You should forgive others for doing wrong things。
He insists on getting up early every morning。
Thank you for participating in my concert。
He is used to studying alone。
They are not used to speaking English。
He is accustomed to being polite to others。
I object to seeing dirty movies。
You should take advantage of studying in such a good place。
【练习三十八】
改正以下的错误
1。＊Play tennis is fun。
2。＊I hate swim。
3。＊Stop talk about me。
4。＊In addition to read interesting books； you should also watch TV from time to time。
5。＊I am not interested in swim。
6。＊He talks about go to America。
7。＊I believe in do exercise every day。
8。＊The cost of transfer a student to another school is very high。
9。＊Please forgive me for make this mistake。
10。＊Swim keeps me from getting cold。
【练习三十九】
填充，每一个句子填入一个介词和一个动名词，先举一个例子。
1。 I am interested （listen） to music。
2。 Please forgive me （be） so late。
3。 In addition （study） ； you should also have some exercises every day。
4。 We talked （build） a house next year。
5。 Thank you （help） me。
6。 He is excited （travel） to Japan。
7。 I am looking forward （meet） you。
8。 He insists （talk） to me personally。
9。 I believe （exercise） every day。
10。 Did you participate that （swim） match。
11。 He was not used （listen） to classic music。
12。 My mother objected （visit） my aunt tomorrow。
13。 I am not accustomed （go） to bed so late。
14。 I am interested （swim） 。
15。 Are you responsible （write） this report？
16。 He is excited （see） me tomorrow。
17。 He is looking forward （see） that movie。
18。 I am not used （hear） that kind of noise。
19。 You should take advantage （have） such a good family。
20。He is in charge （send） students to other schools。
【练习四十】
将以下中文句子译成英文句子：
1。我不喜欢跳舞。
2。你对游泳有兴趣吗？
3。打蓝球是有趣的。
4。我们昨天谈到（talk about）教英文的事。
5。我不习惯（be not used to）抽烟。
6。我反对（object to）在公开场合哭泣（cry in public）。
7。除了游泳以外，他还应该打棒球（用in addition to）。
8。他可以（be capable of）每天跑一公里。
9。他负责（be in charge of）找寻一个好的地方。
10。我已习惯了（be accustomed to）早起。
9§3 不定式（Infinitives）
不定式＝to＋动词的原式。例如to go； to love； to eat等等，都是不定式，不定式和动名词的用法相似，以下全是用不定式用作名词的例子：
To love is to forgive。
To forgive your enemies will make you happy。
I like to eat chicken。
I asked my brother to e here。
He continued to read。
也许读者发现了不定式和动名词不同的地方：不定式不能用在介词的后面，以下的句子都是错的：
＊I am interested in to play piano。
＊He is worried about to go abroad。
＊I am in charge of to prepare for the party。
如何将不定式用成名词呢？
1。不定式可以用作主语：如
To play tennis is great fun。
To play safe in the stock market is necessary。
To be kind to others is important for every one。
To respect your parents shows good character。
2。不定式可以用成很多动词的宾语：
I like to swim。
He loves to listen to jokes。
My brother seems to be different。
I agree to lend him money。
Do you like to sing？
3。不定式可以跟在代词的后面，形式如下：
动词（verb）＋代词（pronoun）＋不定式（infinitive）
例如：
I told him to work hard。
I asked my brother to e back home。
He expects his friends to help him。
My teacher told me to wait for him。
I invited my sister to go to see a movie。
4。不定式常用在上述句子的被动语气中，例如：
He was told to work hard。
My brother was asked to e back home。
His friend is expected to help me。
I was told by my teacher to wait。
My sister was invited to go to see a movie。
以下是更多的不定式例子：
To give is more meaningful than to receive。
I love to swim in cold weather。
He agreed to listen to my story。
He decided to go anyway。
I told him to buy my book。
I invited him to e to my house。
I asked him to cook for me tonight。
Students are asked to work hard。
He needs to work hard。
I want you to send this letter to my father。
He requires every student to read one novel every week。
Every studen