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First listen and then answer the following question。
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
What important thing did King Alfred learn when he penetrated the Danish camp of Guthrum？
Alfred the Great acted his own spy； visiting Danish camps disguised as a minstrel。 In those days wandering minstrels were wele everywhere。 They were not fighting men； and their harp was their passport。 Alfred had learned many of their ballads in his youth； and could vary his programme with acrobatic tricks and simple conjuring。
While Alfred's little army slowly began to gather at Athelney； the king himself set out to penetrate the camp of Guthrum； the mander of the Danish invaders。 There had settled down for the winter at Chippenham： thither Alfred went。 He noticed at once that discipline was slack： the Danes had the self…confidence of conquerors； and their security precautions were casual。 They lived well； on the proceeds of raids on neighbouring regions。 There they collected women as well as food and drink； and a life of ease had made them soft。
Alfred stayed in the camp a week before he returned to Athelney。 The force there assembled was trivial pared with the Danish horde。 But Alfred had deduced that the Danes were no longer fit for prolonged battle： and that their missariat had no organization； but depended on irregular raids。
So； faced with the Danish advance； Alfred did not risk open battle but harried the enemy。 He was constantly on the move； drawing the Danes after him。 His patrols halted the raiding parties： hunger assailed the Danish army。 Now Alfred began a long series of skirmishes and within a month the Danes had surrendered。 The episode could reasonably serve as a unique epic of royal espionage！
BERNARD NEWMAN Spies in Britain
New words and expressions 生词和短语
espionage
n。 间谍活动
Alfred
公元871…899 年间任英国国王
Danish
adj。 丹麦的，丹麦人的，丹麦语的
minstrel
n。 中世纪的吟游歌手
wandering
adj。 漫游的
harp
n。 坚琴
ballad
n。 民歌
acrobatic
adj。 杂技的
conjuring
n。 魔术
Athelney
n。 阿塞尔纳（英国一个小岛）
Chippenham
n。 切本哈姆（英国一个城市）
thither
adv。 向那里
Dane
n。 丹麦人
slack
adj。 涣散的
conqueror
n。 征服者
casual
adj。 马虎的，随便的
precaution
n。 预防，警惕
proceeds
n。 所得
assemble
v。 集合
trivial
adj。 微不足道的
prolonged
adj。 持久的
missariat
n。 军粮供应
episode
n。 一个事件，片断
epic
n。 史诗
harry
v。 骚扰
assail
v。 袭击
skirmish
n。 小规模战斗
参考译文
阿尔弗雷德大帝曾亲自充当间谍。他扮作吟游歌手到丹麦军队的营地里侦察。当时，浪迹天涯的吟游歌手到处受欢迎，他们不是作战人员，竖琴就是他们的通行证。阿尔弗德年轻时学过许多民歌，并能穿插演一些杂技和小魔术使自己的节目多样化。
阿尔弗雷德人数不多的军队开始在阿塞尔纳慢慢集结时，他亲自潜入丹麦入侵司令官古瑟罗姆的营地。丹麦军已在切本哈姆扎下营准备过冬，阿尔弗雷便来到此地。他马上发现丹麦军纪律松弛，他们以征服者自居，安全措施马马虎虎。他们靠掠夺附近的地区的财物过着舒适的生活。他们不仅搜刮吃的喝的，而且抢掠妇女，安逸的生活已使丹麦军队变得软弱无力。
阿尔弗雷德在敌营呆了一个星期后，回到了阿塞尔纳。他集结在那里的军队和丹麦大军相比是微不足道的，然而，阿尔弗雷德断定，丹麦人已不再适应持久的战争，他们的军需供应处于无组织状态，只是靠临时抢夺来维持。
因此，面对丹麦人的进攻，阿尔弗雷德没有贸然同敌人作战，而是采用骚扰敌人的战术。他的部队不停地移动，牵着敌人的鼻子，让他们跟着跑。他派出巡逻队阻止敌人抢劫，因而饥饿威胁着丹麦军队。这时，阿尔弗雷德发起一连串小规模的进攻，结果不出一个月，丹麦人就投降了。这一幕历史可以说是王室谍报活动中最精彩的篇章。。
Unit 2
Lesson 10
Silicon valley
硅谷
First listen and then answer the following question。
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
What does the puter industry thrive on apart from anarchy？
Technology trends may push Silicon Valley back to the future。 Carver Mead； a pioneer in integrated circuits and a professor of puter science at the California Institute of Technology； notes there are now work…stations that enable engineers to design； test and produce chips right on their desks； much the way an editor creates a newsletter on a Macintosh。 As the time and cost of making a chip drop to a few days and a few hundred dollars； engineers may soon be free to let their imaginations soar without being penalized by expensive failures。 Mead predicts that inventors will be able to perfect powerful customized chips over a weekend at the office spawning a new generation of garage start…ups and giving the U。S。 a jump on its foreign rivals in getting new products to market fast。 'We're got more garages with smart people；' Mead observes。 'We really thrive on anarchy。'
And on Asians。 Already； orientals and Asian Americans constitute the majority of the engineering staffs at many Valley firms。 And Chinese； Korean； Filipino and Indian engineers are graduating in droves from California's colleges。 As the heads of next…generation start…ups； these Asian innovators can draw on customs and languages to forge righter links with crucial Pacific Rim markets。 For instance； Alex Au； a Stanford Ph。 D。 from Hong Kong； has set up a Taiwan factory to challenge Japan's near lock on the memory…chip market。 India…born N。Damodar Reddy's tiny California pany reopened an AT & T chip plant in Kansas City last spring with financing from the state of Missouri。 Before it bees a retirement village； Silicon Valley may prove a classroom for building a global business。
US NEWS AND WORLD REPORT； October 2； 1989
New words and expressions 生词和短语
silicon
n。 硅
integrated
adj。 综合的
circuit
n。 线路，电路
California
n。 加利福尼亚（美国州名）
workstation
n。 工作站
chip
n。 芯片，集成电路片，集成块
newsletter
n。 时事通讯
Macintosh
n。 苹果机，一种个人电脑
penalize
v。 处罚，惩罚
customize
v。 按顾客具体需要制造
spawn
v。 引起，酿成
thrive
v。 兴旺，繁荣
anarchy
n。 无政府状态，混乱
oriental
n。 东方人
constitute
v。 构成
drove
n。 群
innovator
n。 发明者
forge
v。 发展
memory…chip
n。 内存条
AT & T
美国电话电报公司 （American Telephone and Telegraph）
Kansas
n。 堪萨斯（美国州名）
Missouri
n。 密苏里（美国州名）
参考译文
技术的发展趋势有可能把硅谷重新推向未来。卡弗。米德 集成电路的一位先驱，加州理工学院的计算机教授 注意到，现在有些计算机工作站使工程技术人员可以在他们的办公桌上设计、试验和生产芯片，就像一位编辑在苹果机上编出一份时事通讯一样。由于制造一块芯片的时间已缩短至几天，费用也只有几百美元，因此，工程技术人员可能很块就可充分发挥他们的想像力，而不会因失败而造成经济上的损失。米德预言发明者可以在办公室用一个周末的时间生产了完美的、功能很强的、按客户需求设计的芯片 造就新一代从汽车间起家的技术人员，在把产品推向市场方面使美国把它的外国对手们打个措手不及。 “我们有更多的汽车间，那里有许多聪明人，”米德说。“我们确实是靠这种无政府状态发展起来的。” 靠的是亚洲人。硅谷许多公司中工程技术人员的大多数是东方人和亚裔美国人。中国、韩国、菲律宾和印度的工程师一批批地从加州的大学毕业。作为新掘起一代的带头人，亚裔发明家可以凭借他们在习惯和语言上的优势，与关键的太平洋沿岸市场建立起更加牢固的联系。比如说，亚历克斯。奥，一位来自香港的斯坦福大学博士，已经在台湾建厂，对日本在内存条市场上近似垄断的局面提出了挑战。印度出生的N。达莫达。雷迪经营的小小的加州公司在堪萨斯城重新启用了美国电话电报公司的一家芯片工厂，并从密苏里州获取了财政上的支持。在硅谷变成一个退休村之前，它很可能成为建立全球商业的一个教学场地。
Lesson 11
How to grow old
如何安度晚年
First listen and then answer the following question。
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
What； according to the author； is the best way to overe the fear of death as you get older？
Some old people are oppressed by the fear of death。 In the young there is a justification for this feeling。 Young men who have reason to fear that they will be killed in battle may justifiably feel bitter in the thought that they have cheated of the best things that life has to offer。 But in an old man who has known human joys and sorrows； and has achieved whatever work it was