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conclusion； I say that these colonies are not costly； they are more
faithful； they injure less； and the injured； as has been said； being
poor and scattered； cannot hurt。 Upon this； one has to remark that men
ought either to be well treated or crushed； because they can avenge
themselves of lighter injuries； of more serious ones they cannot；
therefore the injury that is to be done to a man ought to be of such a
kind that one does not stand in fear of revenge。
But in maintaining armed men there in place of colonies one spends much
more； having to consume on the garrison all ine from the state； so
that the acquisition turns into a loss； and many more are exasperated；
because the whole state is injured； through the shifting of the garrison
up and down all bee acquainted with hardship； and all bee hostile；
and they are enemies who； whilst beaten on their own ground； are yet
able to do hurt。 For every reason； therefore； such guards are as useless
as a colony is useful。
Again； the prince who holds a country differing in the above respects
ought to make himself the head and defender of his powerful neighbours；
and to weaken the more powerful amongst them； taking care that no
foreigner as powerful as himself shall； by any accident； get a footing
there； for it will always happen that such a one will be introduced by
those who are discontented； either through excess of ambition or through
fear； as one has seen already。 The Romans were brought into Greece by
the Aetolians； and in every other country where they obtained a footing
they were brought in by the inhabitants。 And the usual course of affairs
is that； as soon as a powerful foreigner enters a country； all the
subject states are drawn to him； moved by the hatred which they feel
against the ruling power。 So that in respect to these subject states he
has not to take any trouble to gain them over to himself； for the whole
of them quickly rally to the state which he has acquired there。 He has
only to take care that they do not get hold of too much power and too
much authority； and then with his own forces； and with their goodwill；
he can easily keep down the more powerful of them； so as to remain
entirely master in the country。 And he who does not properly manage this
business will soon lose what he has acquired； and whilst he does hold it
he will have endless difficulties and troubles。
The Romans； in the countries which they annexed； observed closely these
measures； they sent colonies and maintained friendly relations with the
minor powers； without increasing their strength； they kept down the
greater； and did not allow any strong foreign powers to gain authority。
Greece appears to me sufficient for an example。 The Achaeans and
Aetolians were kept friendly by them； the kingdom of Macedonia was
humbled； Antiochus was driven out； yet the merits of the Achaeans and
Aetolians never secured for them permission to increase their power； nor
did the persuasions of Philip ever induce the Romans to be his friends
without first humbling him； nor did the influence of Antiochus make them
agree that he should retain any lordship over the country。 Because the
Romans did in these instances what all prudent princes ought to do； who
have to regard not only present troubles； but also future ones； for
which they must prepare with every energy； because； when foreseen； it is
easy to remedy them； but if you wait until they approach； the medicine
is no longer in time because the malady has bee incurable； for it
happens in this； as the physicians say it happens in hectic fever； that
in the beginning of the malady it is easy to cure but difficult to
detect； but in the course of time； not having been either detected or
treated in the beginning； it bees easy to detect but difficult to
cure。 Thus it happens in affairs of state； for when the evils that arise
have been foreseen （which it is only given to a wise man to see）； they
can be quickly redressed； but when； through not having been foreseen；
they have been permitted to grow in a way that every one can see them。
there is no longer a remedy。 Therefore； the Romans； foreseeing troubles；
dealt with them at once； and； even to avoid a war； would not let them
e to a head； for they knew that war is not to be avoided； but is only
put off to the advantage of others； moreover they wished to fight with
Philip and Antiochus in Greece so as not to have to do it in Italy； they
could have avoided both； but this they did not wish； nor did that ever
please them which is for ever in the mouths of the wise ones of our
time： Let us enjoy the benefits of the time but rather the benefits of
their own valour and prudence； for time drives everything before it； and
is able to bring with it good as well as evil； and evil as well as good。
But let us turn to France and inquire whether she has done any of the
things mentioned。 I will speak of Louis ＇XII＇ （and not of Charles
＇VIII＇） as the one whose conduct is the better to be observed； he having
held possession of Italy for the longest period； and you will see that
he has done the opposite to those things which ought to be done to
retain a state posed of divers elements。
King Louis was brought into Italy by the ambition of the Venetians； who
desired to obtain half the state of Lombardy by his intervention。 I will
not blame the course taken by the king； because； wishing to get a
foothold in Italy； and having no friends there seeing rather that
every door was shut to him owing to the conduct of Charles he was
forced to accept those friendships which he could get； and he would have
succeeded very quickly in his design if in other matters he had not made
some mistakes。 The king； however； having acquired Lombardy； regained at
once the authority which Charles had lost： Genoa yielded； the
Florentines became his friends； the Marquess of Mantua； the Duke of
Ferrara； the Bentivoglio； my lady of Forli； the Lords of Faenza； of
Pesaro； of Rimini； of Camerino； of Piombino； the Lucchesi； the Pisans；
the Sienese everybody made advances to him to bee his friend。 Then
could the Venetians realize the rashness of the course taken by them；
which； in order that they might secure two towns in Lombardy； had made
the king master of two…thirds of Italy。
Let any one now consider with what little difficulty the king could have
maintained his position in Italy had he observed the rules above laid
down； and kept all his friends secure and protected； for although they
were numerous they were both weak and timid； some afraid of the Church；
some of the Venetians； and thus they would always have been forced to
stand in with him； and by their means he could easily have made himself
secure against those who remained powerful。 But he was no sooner in
Milan than he did the contrary by assisting Pope Alexander to occupy the
Romagna。 It never occurred to him that by this action he was weakening
himself； depriving himself of friends and those who had thrown
themselves into his lap； whilst he aggrandized the Church by adding much
temporal power to the spiritual； thus giving it great authority。 And
having mitted this prime error； he was obliged to follow it up； so
much so that； to put an end to the ambition of Alexander； and to prevent
his being the master of Tuscany； he was himself forced to e into
Italy。
And as if it were not enough to have aggrandized the Church； and
deprived himself friends； he； wishing to have the kingdom of Naples；
divides it with the King of Spain； and where he was the prime arbiter of
Italy he takes an associate； so that the ambitious of that country and
the malcontents of his own should have where to shelter； and whereas he
could have left in the kingdom his own pensioner as king； he drove him
out； to put one there who was able to drive him； Louis； out in turn。
The wish to acquire is in truth very natural and mon； and men always
do so when they can； and for this they will be praised not bla